形式主语;

　　(一)什么是形式主语

　　作为形式主语的it并无实际语义，是为满足语法上的需要，避免句子头重脚轻，它代替的是句子的逻辑主语。

　　(二)形式主语it所在的句型类别

　　1、作不定式的形式主语

　　(1)句型

　　It; is; +; a; pity/a; pleasure; +; to; do; sth.

　　It; is; +; wrong/right/wise/cruel/naughty/selfish; +; of; sb.; +; to; do; sth.

　　It; is; +; necessary/hard/important/difficult/possible/common; +; for; sb.; +; to; do; sth.

　　(2)雅思范文写作实例

　　A.; Beyond; this，; it; is; also; of; paramount; importance; to; use; theaters; and; museums; as; the：“social; classroom”; of; culture; and; history; education.

　　B.; I; think; it; is; by; no; means; pointless，; in; any; way，; to; try; to; keep; traditions; alive; with; technology.; (Cambridge; 3，; P162，; Task; 2)

　　C.; It; is; difficult; to; say; who; has; the; right; to; judge; whether; children; working; is：“wrong”; or：“valuable”.; (Cambridge; 3，; P164，; Task; 2)

　　D.; …，; it; is; important; to; remember; that; children; need; to; develop; skills; other; than; intellectual; ones; and; … (Cambridge; 3，; P168，; Task; 2)

　　E.; Finally，; I; think; that; it; is; also; important; to; remember; that; children; need; to; relax; as; well; as; work; … (Cambridge; 3，; P168，; Task; 2)

　　F.; Because; people; interpret; happiness; for; themselves; in; so; many; different; ways，; it; is; difficult; to; give; ang; definition; that; is; true; for; everyone.; (Cambridge; 4，; P165，; Task; 2)

　　G.; It; is; quite; common; these; days; for; young; people; in; many; countries; to; have; a; break; for; studying; after; graduation; from; high; school.; (Cambridge; 5，; P165，; Task; 2)

　　H.; They; may; think; that; it; is; better; to; continue; in; a; particular; job，; or; to; do; sth; completely; different; from; from; a; university; course.; (Cambridge; 5，; P165，; Task; 2)

　　据本人统计，剑桥官方的雅思试题(剑3—剑8)几乎每一篇Task2考官范文中，都有所使用，甚至在有的文章中出现三次之多。

　　(3)学生写作实例

　　实例 1：Many; people，; if; not; most，; are; strong; believer; in; the; claim; that; regard; children; go; to; work; as; completely; wrong，while; others; hold; the; opposite; opinion.

　　修改建议：it; is; completely; wrong; for; children; to; go; to; work.

　　实例2：They; have; to; complete; their; homework; conscientiously; within; limited; time; and; difficult; to; discover; the; problems; in; studies.

　　修改建议：thus; it; is; difficult; to; discover; their; problems; in; study.

　　实例3：College; graduates; are; difficult; to; find; jobs.

　　修改建议：It; is; difficult; for; college; graduates; to; find; jobs.

　　实例4：Parents; realise; the; needs; of; their; children; is; extremely; important.

　　修改建议：It; is; extremely; important; for; parents; to; realise; the; needs; of; their; children.

　　It; is; extremely; important; that; parents; realise; the; needs; of; their; children.

　　2、作动名词的形式主语

　　(1)句型

　　It; is; +; (no); use/good/useless/a; waste; of; time/energy/efforts; +; doing; sth.

　　It; is; +; good/useless/hard/foolish/enjoyable/worthwhile; +; doing; sth.

　　(2)雅思范文写作实例

　　A.; For; instance，; children; usually; pay; attention; to; match; their; clothing; and; toys; ; in; fact，; it; is; really; worth; competing; thing; that; their; study; is; being; ignored.

　　B.; Some; parents; believe; that; it; is; no; use; having; second; education; for; their; kids.

　　(3)学生作文实例

　　实例：Particular; countries; and; individuals; deals; with; environmental; issues; are; no; use.

　　修改建议：It; is; no; use; dealing; with; environmental; issues; by; particular; countries; and; indivuduals.

　　3、作主语从句的形式主语

　　(1)句型

　　It; is; +; (adj); n./(adv.); adj./(adv.)v-ed; +; that……

　　It; +; seems/happens/appears/matters//strikes/occurs(突然想起); +; that……

　　It; is; +; said/reported/believed/(universally/widely); accepted/announced/estimated/acknowledged; +; that……

　　It; +; must; be; admitted/stressed; out; +; that…/It; +; cannot; be; denied; +; that………/It; +; can; be; foreseen; +; that……

　　It; +; goes; without; saying; +; that…

　　(2)雅思范文实例

　　A.; It; is; an; understandable; fact; that; many; employers; may; prefer; to; use; the; services; of; children; simply; to; save; money; by; paying; them; less; than; adults; and; it; is; this; type; of; exploitation; tht; should; be; discouraged.; (Cambridge; 3，; P164，; Task; 2)

　　B.; Admittedly，; it; is; common; sense; that; a; person; without; cooperative; spirit; will; be; difficult; to; survive; in; the; modern; society.

　　C.; Unfortunately，; it; is; not; always; the; case; that; new; things; are; promoted; because; they; have; good; impacts; for; the; majority; of; people.; (Cambridge; 6，; P168，; Task; 2)

　　D.; It; is; clear; from; the; data; given; that; there; are; some; significant; differences; in; spending; habits; in; Europe.; (Cambridge; 3，; P161，; Task; 1)

　　E.; It; goes; without; saying; that; it; pays; to; keep; early; hours.

　　F.; Take; holding; an; Olympic; games; as; an; example，; it; is; no; doubt; it; will; take; millions; of; money; to; build; stadiums.

　　G.; A; more; dramatic; rise; is; predicted; between; 2030; and; 2040; in; Japan，; by; which; time; it; is; thought; that; the; proportion; of; elderly; people; will; be; similar; in; the; three; countries.; (Cambridge; 5，; P162，; Task; 1)

　　H.; It; seems; that; the; experiences; we; have; in; life; are; so; unpredictable; and; so; powerful，; that; they; can; boost; or; overide; other; influences，; … (Cambridge; 5，; P169，; Task; 2)

　　(3)学生写作实例

　　实例1：It; is; quite; obvious/evident /apparent; that; the; quantity; of; families; who; tends; to; go; outside; and; infuse; fresh; oxygen; into; their; lungs; is; growing; steadily.

　　实例 2：It; is; universally; acknowledged; that; the; best; way; to; arouse; people‘s; love; to; our; nature，; who; has; devoted; herself; too; much; to; human; being’s; development; while; has; received; barely; anything; till; now，; is; to; let; them; see; the; beauty; of; hers; by; themselves.

　　这是XVCC23强化班里一位基础较好的学生的写作实例，其中的语法、措辞方面的错误已经进行了修改。

　　实例3：Clearly，; rush; hours; emerges; in; the; early; morning; as; well; as; (in; the); early; evening; which; is; most; busy/the; busiest; in; a; day; as; a; whole; in; London.

　　修改建议：这个句子的结构应该是无可厚非的(语法就不说啦)，但是，按照雅思评分的标准，句式稍微做一下调整，会更漂亮： 如：It; is; clear; that; rush; hours; emerge; in; the; early; morning; as; well; as; in; the; early; evening; which; is; most; busy/the; busiest; in; a; day; as; a; whole; in; London. 或者改成 It; is; demonstrated; that; rush; hours; emerge; in; the; early; morning; as; well; as; in; the; early; evening; which; is; most; busy/the; busiest; in; a; day; as; a; whole; in; London. 这样一个小小的调整，其句子修改前后的效果是显而易见的。

　　(三)it作形式主语的特征分析

　　根据以上对it作形式主语的句型结构的解析，对雅思写作范文、尤其是官方考官范文的分析，以及对学生写作过程中出现的it使用状况的详细解读可知： 相比较于名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句的复杂性和多边性，it作为形式主语的句式结构可谓简明扼要，学生掌握起来应该说是得心应手的。

　　(四)不能正确使用it形式主语的原因

　　在信息编排时，英语句子遵循“end; focus”的原则，即旧信息在前，新信息在后 “old; information+new; information”; 但是，当句子主语结构较长，容易使句子产生“head; weight”的感觉时， 句子结构则遵循“end; weight”的原则，即，把较长的主语全部置于句子尾部。前面空掉的主语位置用it来代替，担当形式主语的功能。

　　而汉语并不具有这类明显的特征，学生对英汉两种语言结构差异知之甚少，或者略有所知，在真正的运用中，也未必能够正确的体现出来。多数学生都本着汉语式的思维，一遇到“某人做某事是怎么样的/是什么”就习惯性地写成t"

　　三、总结;

　　建议学生在雅思学习中，采取步步为营的四步走战略战术，循序渐进：首先，记住句型结构; 其次，模仿写作; 之后，进行独立创作; 最后，形成属于自己的 模板句型。作为雅思写作学习中可控制的因素，我们可以培养句式运用的习惯，使习惯称为自然。为了我们雅思的学习这个努力是值得 的，it; pays; in; the; long; run.

编辑：张雨

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