2016年3月13日托福阅读试题答案及解析

　　2016年3月13日托福阅读试题词汇题汇总：

dramatically=striking

perplexing=puzzling

tending=taking care of

conducive=favorable    to

quest＝search

prevail＝dominant

generally＝usually

thereby＝consequently

exceptional＝extraordinary

suitable=appropriate

　　3月13日托福阅读试题第一篇

　　题材划分： 地质类

　　主要内容：北美海面某种 dramatically heat 的现象。这种先现象还导致海面上升(有题问为什么上升)。 然后用洋流来解释，但是这解释有问题，因为科学家发现洋流带来30%热才能增温。但是不管是表层海水还是底层海水的检测都发现根本没这么多热，所以就进入第二段比较了厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜，厄尔尼诺是太平洋赤道带海洋和大气互相作用后失去平衡的气候现象，还说暖流移动，使cool area变暖，还和Indian比较，Indian ocean 是 cool area，有 deep sea和sea surface。史前距今五百万年的Eocene 时期在极地仍然会出现温暖的季节.厄尔尼诺还和 trade wind减弱相关。拉尼娜是海面温度异常偏冷的现象，拉尼娜和wind trade增强相关，主要是tropical ocean和atmosphere的共同作用。最后还讲了 greenhouse gas也可能是造成heat的原因， 但是要测五百万年前的二氧化破浓度的挑战性就超级难，所以证据不足不确定。有个题问了第三段和第四段的作用还是关系。

　　相似TPO练习推荐：

　　TPO-23 Urban Climates

　　TPO-10 Variations in the Climate

　　相关背景知识：

　　El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (commonly called ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date Line and 120°W), including off the Pacific coast of South America. El Niño Southern Oscillation refers to the cycle of warm and cold temperatures, as measured by sea surface temperature, SST, of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean. El Niño is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific. The cool phase of ENSO is called "La Niña" with SST in the eastern Pacific below average and air pressures high in the eastern and low in western Pacific. The ENSO cycle, both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes of both temperatures and rainfall. Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study.

　　La Niña is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern. The name La Niña originates from Spanish, meaning "the girl", analogous to El Niño meaning "the boy". It has also in the past been called anti-El Niño, and El Viejo (meaning "the old man"). During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3–5 °C. In the United States, an appearance of La Niña happens for at least five months of La Niña conditions. It has extensive effects on the weather in North America, even affecting the Atlantic Hurricane Season. A La Niña often, though not always, follows an El Niño.

编辑：张雨

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