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新东方2016考研英语(一)翻译考点考向点睛

2015-12-31 13:27    新东方网

  一、翻译重点考点预测

  1.定语从句

  2.并列结构

  3.代词指代

  4.复杂修饰语

  5.特殊结构

  6.一词多义

  二、翻译考前得分指导

  (一)翻译做题步骤

  翻译做题时间建议20分钟,每个题4分钟,具体翻译步骤如下:

  第一步:阅读首句,确定学科领域15s

  第二步:直奔句子,跳过细节词,拆分结构30s

  第三步:进入细节,确定词义,口译每部分1.5m

  第四步:调整语序,口头整合译文1m

  第五步:写译文1m

  (二)预测考点得分指导

  句法层面:

  1、定语从句

  定语从句最大的特点即是位置在被修饰词的后面,但是在翻译时位置却比较灵活。定语从句总的翻译原则在于使表达符合汉语的表达习惯。定语从句的翻译方法和难点如下:

  1)常用方法:前置/后置法

  定语从句较短时,即把定语从句的内容翻译成“......的”,放在被修饰词的前面。

  定于从句较长时,可将定语从句后置。方法:重复先行词或用“这”代替较长的先行词

  由于定语从句的引导词往往指代主句中的某一成分或者整个主句,所以在翻译时可以将引导词译为“这”,从而使句子表达更加符合汉语习惯。

  2)较难方法:状译法

  有些定语从句相当于主句的状语,修饰主句的谓语或者全句。起到原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等功能,所以翻译时需要根据逻辑关系进行翻译。如:

  (2007-49) journalists (who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution) cannot do a competent job on political stories

  本句中who引导的定语从句和主句存在着“条件关系”,因此可译为“如果…那么…”

  3)定状判别:where,when

  判别方法:主句里是否有时间地点名词,有时间地点名词就是定语从句,没有就是状语从句。

  翻译方法:(时间+when)译为“在那时”,地点+where译为“在那个地方”,具体的时间和地点与先行词一致即可。

  2001-73 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world, to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dateswhenwe can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. (定语从句)

  2013-48 The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environmentwhereit either didn't exist or was not discernible as such.(定语从句)

  2011-50 The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;wherebefore we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible. (状语从句)

  4)多定语

  形式:a.修饰+n.+修饰(2-3个)

  b. n1.+定语1(n2)+定语2(定语1修饰n1;定语2修饰n2)

  c. n+定语1+定语2 (两个定语都修饰n)

  多定语的处理:前后置结合法,短的前置,长的后置,保证平衡,避免头重脚轻

  2012-49 Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifyingtraits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which(关系代词还原的重要性:关系代词指代还原时,先行词并不是离得最近的那个词)are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

  2、并列结构

  判断依据:并列关系前后的性质、结构形式、功能一致,语义相关

  例1:2012- 48 an ordinary citizen rests onan understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

  (注:and并列的内容是established conventions和special responsibilities)

  例2:2011-48 This seemsa justification for neglect of those in need,① and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top② and the inferiority of those at the bottom.

  (注:第一个and并列的内容是a justification for neglect of those in need和a rationalization of ...;第二个and并列的内容是the superiority of ...和the inferiority of ...)

  例3:2015-48 But,the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another,and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continentcaused significant changes.

  (注:该句主语为三个并列的名词短语force of…;interplay of…;和difficulty of…,构成了A, B, and C这一经典的并列结构)

  3、代词指代

  代词指代是考查上下文理解的一个重要手段。在考研翻译中,如果出现代词,我们必须秉承一个原则,那就是如果代词不翻译会导致句意不完整或者不清晰的话,我们一定要将此代词还原。因为从历年的考研翻译试题可以看出,出题的本意在于考查考生是否理解代词所指代的对象,所以一旦代词出现在主要成分的位置,往往要求考生还原其指代的内容来翻译。不然后果极有可能导致扣分。

  除了his,they,these,such等容易辨认出的代词外,也要注意it,that等在句中有多种用法的单词,例如it出现时可能是形式主语、形式宾语、强调句或者指代,需要根据句法判断到底是哪种情况,以采用不同处理方式。

  此外,有些代词指代具体的某个单词,而有些则指代某个短语甚至某句,也需要根据语境判断。

  翻译代词时要注意:

  1)就近指代;

  2)承前指代,要注意代词所显示的性别、单复数,还要看清楚是指代的具体名词还是整体的句子。

  3)中英文差异:英语总是主句用名词,从句用代词;而汉语讲究“先来后到”,前面出现的用名词,后面出现时用代词。

  例1:2015-47 By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.

  (注:根据语境可知he指代“Beethoven”,his也指的是他;one指代“a person”)

  例2:2010-50 It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.

  (注:本句考查两个指代:it指代前文提及的the system of conservation;虽然that在句中多引导从句,但是它也可以作代词。本句中that作代词,指代前面的many elements.)

  例3:2009-50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling

  (注:that此处作代词,指代前文的a more formal kind of education。请注意that of这一常考结构,that指代前面的某个名词。)

  4.复杂修饰语

  考研翻译的难点之一就是繁杂的修饰成分,尤其名词的修饰成分太多,造成考生很难找到句子主干。

  1)介词修饰,尤其A of B结构。

  介词修饰中最常见的为A of B结构,其中A为名词,B为名词或动名词短语。它的固定翻译为“B的A”。如果B部分内容太长,也可对B进行拆分。

  例1:2009-46 the measure of the worth of any social institution

  (注:构成了A of B of C的结构,翻译为“C的B的A”,即任何社会机构的价值的衡量标准)

  例2:2010-47 but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.

  (注:介词短语of admitting修饰point,其中还嵌套了that引导的宾语从句作admitting的宾语,增加了修饰部分的理解难度)

  2)分词修饰

  分词可以充当形容词修饰名词,也可以充当副词作状语。

  a.分词或分词短语修饰名词

  理解方法:名词+Ving/Ved可以理解为定语从句:名词+(that is)+Ving/Ved

  翻译方法:按照定语从句翻译的方法译出。

  例:2015-46 Thismovement,driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.

  (注:过去分词短语driven by powerful and diverse motivations作后置定语修饰movement,相当于定语从句:movement that is driven by…,翻译为“被…所驱动的运动”。)

  b.分词或分词短语作状语

  理解方法:分词或分词短语作状语,相当于一个状语从句,其中分词的逻辑主语为主句主语或者是它自身所带的主语(这种情况为独立主格结构)

  翻译方法:按照状语从句的处理方法译出,如果分词内容复杂,单独处理为状语从句;如果内容简单,可以融合到主句中。注意根据句子语境来判断它和修饰部分的逻辑关系(如因果,让步,条件等),从而增加相应的关系词。

  例:1997-74 Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

  (注:现在分词短语arguing from…作状语,arguing这个动作的逻辑主语为extremist,因此翻译为“极端主义者认为…”)

  3)多个修饰成分叠加

  如果词语有很多的修饰成分,这时需要逐层判断修饰关系,往往会有两种情况:一、一个词语被多个词修饰;二、修饰成分中嵌套修饰成分。

  例:1990-49 Behaviorists suggest that thechild who is raised in anenvironmentwherethere are manystimuliwhichdevelop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

  (注:who引导的定语从句修饰child,其中嵌套了where引导的定语从句修饰environment,where从句中又嵌套了which引导的定语从句修饰stimuli,)

  5、特殊结构

  特殊结构考频不高,但一旦考查则多为难点和失分点。需要尤为注意的为倒装结构和比较结构。

  1)倒装结构

  出现倒装结构的几种情况为:否定词位于句首,only位于句首,if从句省略倒装,为强调等构成的倒装。可还原语序后按正常顺序译出,还原方法为将助动词或be动词后的主语提前,其余部分不变。

  例:2009-47Onlygradually was the by-products of the institution noted

  (注:该句因为only位于句首,因此出现倒装,真正的主语为系动词was后的the by-product,还原正常语序为the by-product of…was noted)

  2)比较结构

  比较结构的标志为as和than,处理时需要先找出两个比较对象,然后寻找比较标准,最后根据比较结果译为“A比B…”或“A不如B…;与其说A不如说B”。

  例:the latteris much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement thanthe former.

  (注:该句的比较对象为the latter和the former,比较标准为is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate…,比较结果为the latter比the former程度更深,因此可以翻译为“后者比前者是一种更精密的仪器,因而在计量上必然更精确得多”)

  6、一词多义

  1)一词多义---实词

  a.根据语境联系上下文猜测词义,还要注意文章所涉及的学科背景。

  具体名词、动词、形容词-->抽象一类概念

  2013-46...fundamentalurges..(迫切需求)

  2011-50 Theupside...(好的一面)

  2012-48 ... filter outwhat is unique(特殊事物)fromwhat is shared(相同事物)...

  b.根据词根词缀选择猜测生词的词义

  如:Astrophysicist天文物理学家

  Ground-based detector以陆地为基地的探测器——路基探测器

  c.根据汉语的习惯搭配来翻译

  如:Humans have the ability to modify the environment.(2003年)

  假设除了modify其他单词都认识,这句话就翻译成“人类有能力___环境”,到底是怎么环境呢?无非就是“人类有能力改造环境”“人类有能力征服环境”“人类有能力适应环境”,这些都是有可能的。再进一步假设,如果知道这个单词是“修改,更改”的意思,套入原文,发现“修改环境”“更改环境”无比的别扭,那我们就按照汉语习惯,改成“改造环境”。

  d.根据最佳搭配确定意思

  如:distinctlyhuman need人类特有的需求

  distinctlyshaky evidence明显站不住脚的证据

  2004-63 The newly described languages were often sostrikingly different(完全不同)from thewell studied(研究成熟的)languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.

  2)一词多义---虚词

  a. however:有逗号时,意思是“但是”,表转折;没有逗号时,however后面接adj或adv,表示让步,意思是“无论多么”。

  2013-47 however crude it may be

  b. for:①介词:为了,因为(与动词搭配blame sb for sth),对于...来说;(2013-46)for all their diversity of styles(for尽管==despite)

  ②连词:+句子“因为”

  c. as:原因,时间(时态一致多表时间),非限定性从句

  2013-47 .非限制性定语从句....asopposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.

  2004-62原因... have since vanished,asthe people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

  2007-47时间On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basisasthey cover and comment on the news.

编辑:张雨


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